Publications

Publications

30. Milstein, M., et al. Detection and Decontamination of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions during Venison Processing. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2025

29. Li, E. A., et al., Prion partitioning and persistence in environmental waters. Environmental Science and Technology 2025

28. Howey, K., et al., AI-QuIC: Machine Learning for Automated Detection of Misfolded Proteins in Seed Amplification Assays. Preprint, npj Biosensing 2025

27. Li, M., et al., QuICSeedR: An R package for analyzing fluorophore-assisted seed amplification assay data. Bioinformatics 2024.

26. Bryant, D. N., et al., Evaluation of RT-QuIC Diagnostic Performance for Chronic Wasting Disease Detection Using Elk (Cervus canadensis) Ear Punches. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2024.

25. Darish, J. R., et al., Inter-laboratory comparison of real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of chronic wasting disease prions in white-tailed deer retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2024.

24. Simmons, S. M., et al., Rapid and sensitive determination of residual prion infectivity from prion-decontaminated surfaces. mSphere 2024.

23. Lee, D. J., et al., Rapid on-site amplification and visual detection of misfolded proteins via microfluidic quaking-induced conversion (Micro-QuIC). npj Biosensing 2024.

22. Christenson, P. R., et al., Visual detection of misfolded alpha-synuclein and prions via capillary-based quaking-induced conversion assay (Cap-QuIC). npj Biosensing 2024.

21. Burgener, K., et al., Prion Seeding Activity in Plant Tissues Detected by RT-QuIC. Pathogens 2024.

20. Schwabenlander, M. D. et al., Prion forensics: a multidisciplinary approach to investigate CWD at an illegal deer carcass disposal site. Prion 2024.

19. Izalaco, H. N., et al., Detection of prions from spiked and free-ranging carnivore feces. Scientific Reports 2024.

18. Huang, M. H. J., et al., Expanding CWD disease surveillance options using environmental contamination at deer signposts. Ecological Solutions and Evidence 2024.

17. Bartz, J. C., et al., Chronic wasting disease: state of the science. Pathogens 2024.

16. Soto, P., et al., Identification of chronic wasting disease prions in decaying tongue tissues from exhumed white-tailed deer. Environmental Dimension 2023.

15. Shultze, M. L., et al., Herd-level risk factors associated with chronic wasting disease-positive herd status in Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin cervid herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2023.

14. Inzalaco, H. N., et al., Ticks harbor and excrete chronic wasting disease prions. Scientific Reports 2023.

13. Burgener, K. R., et al., Diagnostic testing of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by RT-QuIC using multiple tissues. PLOS ONE 2023.

12. Christenson, P. R., et al., Nanoparticle-enhanced RT-QuIC (Nano-QuIC) diagnostic assay for misfolded proteins. Nano Letters 2023.

11. Rowden, G. R., et al., Standardization of data analysis for RT-QuIC-based detection of chronic wasting disease. Pathogens 2023.

10. Li, M. and Larsen, P. A., Single-cell sequencing of entorhinal cortex reveals wide-spread disruption of neuropeptide networks in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's and Dementia 2023.

9. Christenson, P. R., et al., A field-deployable diagnostic assay for the visual detection of misfolded prions. Scientific Reports 2022.

8. Yuan, Q., et al., Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces. Environmental International 2022.

7. Schwabenlander, M. D., et al., Upper Midwest tribal natural resource managers' perspectives on chronic wasting disease outreach, surveillance, and management. Conservation Science and Practice 2022.

6. Picasso-Risso, C., et al., Assessment of real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay, immunohistochemistry and ELISA for detection of chronic wasting disease under field conditions in white-tailed deer: a Bayesian approach. Pathogens 2022.

5. Schwabenlander, M. D., et al., Comparison of chronic wasting disease detection methods and procedures: implications for free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) surveillance and management. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2022.

4. Li, M., et al., RT-QuIC detection of CWD prion seeding activity in white-tailed deer muscle tissues. Scientific Reports 2021.

3. Schwabenlander, M. D., et al., A complex disease, simplified - innovative tools help present chronic wasting disease education to diverse audiences. The Wildlife Professional 2021.

2. Li, M. and Larsen, P. A., Primate-specific Retrotransposons and the Evolution of Circadian Networks in the Human Brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2021

1. Li, M., et al., Alu retrotransposons and COVID-19 susceptibility and morbidity. Human Genomics 2021. 

Laboratory and Field

Much of our current work involves chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids and other protein misfolding diseases in animals and humans. Research includes the discovery and advancement of novel prion detection methods and understanding the complicated ecological factors in the spread of CWD.

Public Engagement

In the study of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding human influences is as important as the basic science conducted in the laboratory and field. Our current projects include engaging the public with hands on educational tools and learning the cultural perspectives and community impacts of diseases such as CWD.

RT-QuIC

3D anatomical models

Expanding the testing capabilities of RT-QuIC (real time quaking-induced conversion).

Goals:  

Background: RT-QuIC is a quantitative, high-throughput assay that exploits a fundamental aspect of prion biology to facilitate the detection of minute quantities of misfolded prions. In RT-QuIC, an infectious seed (or test sample) is incubated with an excess of recombinant prion protein. Then, over the course of 24-72 hours of shaking in the presence of a specific fluorescent dye, a real-time readout of prion accumulation is generated. This assay can provide an estimate of the presence and relative titer of misfolded prions from different types of samples. RT-QuIC has been used to accurately detect misfolded prions (including CWD prions) in the body fluids and tissues of humans and animals, including from animals at sub-clinical stages of infection and animals that tested negative by first-generation diagnostic tests (i.e., ELISA and IHC).

Projected outcomes: 

Funders: Minnesota State Legislature through Rapid Agricultural Response Fund (RARF); Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund through the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources; University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, United States Department of Agriculture

Innovative 3D anatomical models for advancing veterinary education, disease surveillance sampling, and food safety inspection services.

Goals: 

Background: There exists a broad need to develop advanced, anatomically accurate 3D models, and associated digital videos, to assist in training food inspectors, consumer safety inspectors, and diagnostic sample collectors. This affects a multitude of disciplines including field-based sample collection, such as surveillance for chronic wasting disease, as well as public health veterinarians at meat inspection and processing plants, and instructors who teach food animal production courses or wildlife and natural resource management courses at colleges and universities.

Projected outcomes: Develop a research-validated collection of physical and virtual multi-species 3D animal models that can be utilized on a wide scale for sample collectors, trainers, educators, and inspectors.

Funders: UMN College of Veterinary Medicine Dean’s office; UMN Office of the Vice President for Research;  Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund through the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources

CWD test development

Diverse communities

Development of advanced CWD diagnostic  and detection tools.

Goals:  Our team has launched several research projects aimed at advancing second-generation and developing novel third-generation CWD diagnostic tools for animal testing and environmental monitoring. To accomplish this task, we are focusing on:

Background: Robust and easy-to-use diagnostic tests for CWD are currently unavailable. Existing CWD diagnostic tools are cumbersome, time-consuming, and require significant technical expertise. For these reasons, routine testing of venison for CWD is a difficult task and it is estimated that between 15,000 and 20,000 CWD positive deer are consumed in the US annually, with a projected 20% annual increase. Current CWD diagnostic tests can be classified into two categories, first-generation “gold standard” antibody-based diagnostics (e.g. IHC, ELISA) and second-generation prion protein amplification assays. Given increasing concern that CWD will continue its spread throughout Minnesota, North American, and global deer populations, there is an immediate and critical need to advance prion detection methods and develop advanced third-generation CWD diagnostics tools. Third-generation CWD diagnostic tests will leverage emerging microfluidic and nanotechnologies that are being developed for a variety of biomedical applications. 

Projected outcomes: 

Funders: Minnesota State Legislature through Rapid Agricultural Response Fund (RARF); Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund through the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources; University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research

Engaging culturally-diverse hunting communities on CWD. 

Goals: 

Background: The success of Minnesota’s efforts to control CWD in white-tailed deer hinges on the ability of government agencies, researchers, policy makers and stakeholders to work together, particularly as this issue relates to deer hunting as a CWD management tool. However, in December 2019, our team became aware that culturally-diverse hunting communities had not received critical information regarding CWD biology, management and potential human health risks. Special outreach efforts are needed to reach diverse stakeholders, such as our Minnesota Tribal Nations and Southeast Asian and Amish communities.

Projected outcomes:  Advance community knowledge of CWD and the science behind agency control strategies, which supports the key outcome of inclusive, community-based CWD management.

Funders: Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund through the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources; United States Fish and Wildlife Service; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission

Ecology of CWD

Tribal CWD surveillance

The emergence of CWD in Minnesota: transmission across a landscape of plants, soils, water, and deer.

Goals:  We have assembled an interdisciplinary team that includes experts in disease ecology, geospatial modeling, hydrology, wildlife epidemiology, and prion ecology to investigate the environmental impacts of CWD in Minnesota. Our research effort will lead to the production of CWD risk maps for the entire state and will lay the foundation for future questions, research, and funding focused on the environmental impact and multifaceted transmission routes of CWD-causing prions.

Background: Research focused on the transmission of prion diseases at the ecosystem scale is lacking. For both CWD and scrapie, disease-causing prions enter the environment via host excretions or carcasses and can remain infectious for years or even decades. Recent research has shown that CWD prions in the environment can be dispersed by water, bound by soil, acquired by plant roots, transported to aboveground plant tissues, and transmitted to mammals that contact or consume contaminated plants. This new knowledge, along with emerging strains of infectious prions, has fueled concerns of transmission via water and a wide range of agricultural commodities. 

Projected outcomes: This work will elucidate potential CWD transmission routes and environmental reservoirs for CWD-causing prions through integrated empirical and modeling approaches. These results will help combat the spread of CWD in Minnesota and mitigate future economic and environmental impacts. Products stemming from our work will include:

Funders: MN Futures 2020 through the UMN Office of the Vice President for Research; Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund through the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources; Clean Water Funds through the Minnesota Legislature

Development of a regional chronic wasting disease surveillance and management program on Native American lands.

Goals: Develop consistent and efficient surveillance in Native American lands and for tribal hunters and natural resource managers of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. 

Background: There is a need for consistent wildlife disease surveillance in Native American lands. Tribes in the U.S. are among the most systematically disadvantaged communities, suffering economic, social, and institutional inequities. Wildlife health and disease issues are challenging to address due to small tribal governments and insufficient resources. MN, WI, and MI tribes do not have reliable and rapid mechanisms to test harvested subsistence species for the presence of diseases like CWD. Currently, CWD surveillance among tribes is sporadic and inconsistent. With increased CWD prevalence in the midwest, there is strong interest among tribes to survey for this disease as they work to protect their resources. We hope that by establishing systematic CWD surveillance across the geographic spread of where tribal hunters harvest deer in MN, WI, and MI, tribes can contribute to the prevention of spread and potentially also protect moose range from CWD.

Projected outcomes:  The information gained from this project will benefit the Chippewa and Dakota tribes of the upper midwest, all of which share jurisdictional boundaries and are working to promote the perpetuation of subsistence species. Establishing a regional tribal CWD surveillance program will enable MN, WI, and MI tribes to protect this subsistence lifestyle by contributing to the prevention of spread of wildlife disease.

Funders: United States Fish and Wildlife Service; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service